Carbone, méthane et viande de bœuf

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Les émissions de CO2 sont la principale cause du réchauffement climatique du fait du niveau des émissions et de sa durée de vie qui est d’une centaine d’année. Toutefois, miser sur la seule réduction du CO2 serait une erreur, le méthane (CH4) offre des opportunités sur le court terme bien plus intéressantes. Une politique de réduction du méthane permettrait sur le court terme d’attendre les gains plus long termes de la politique sur le CO2. Analyse :

Méthane et CO2, deux comportements différents

Le méthane est le second gaz à effet de serre en importance derrière le gaz carbonique (CO2) avec en 2004 7,5 gigatonnes équivalent CO2 (Gteq) comparés aux 37,6 gigatonnes de CO2 émises dans l’atmosphère, soit un rapport de 1 à 5. Ces chiffres toutefois être relativisés car la conversion en équivalent CO2 compare le potentiel de réchauffement global sur une durée de 100 ans (Gteq100), durée de vie du CO2. Or le méthane a un comportement très différent du CO2 : il est environ cent fois plus puissant que le CO2 en termes d’effet de serre mais sa présence dans l’atmosphère n’est que d’une douzaine d’année. Aussi, si l’on se place à un horizon de 15 ans le méthane représenterait 26,1 Gteq15 soit un rapport de 1 à 1,4.

Méthane et CO2, deux horizons différents.

Sur le long terme il est important de travailler sur le CO2 car avec une durée de vie de plus de 100 ans il y a un risque année après année d’accumulation qui rend le redressement de la tendance de plus en plus dur. Toutefois, il n’est pas possible d’attendre cent ans pour agir et une hausse des températures limitée à 2° nécessiterait une division par deux des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dès 2050. Aussi, sur le court terme, le méthane représente un enjeu du même ordre que le CO2. En travaillant sur les deux gaz à effet de serre nous augmentons nos chances d’atteindre l’objectif de ne pas dépasser le +2°. Cela est d’autant plus important car il existe une réserve de méthane dans le permafrost et au fond des mers du cercle arctique, où il reste piégé par la glace et la pression, qui jouent le rôle d’un couvercle qui est un vraie bombe à retardement.

Réduire les émissions de méthane

Le potentiel que représente le méthane dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique reste inexploité. En effet, sous prétexte que le méthane proviendrait essentiellement de l’élevage des bovins et de la culture du riz, il serait difficile d’y toucher sans imposer au monde un régime végétarien ou affamer les pays du Sud. Cette argumentation présente deux erreurs :

  • 56% des émissions de méthane proviennent en fait de l’énergie (grisou des mines, fuites de gaz pétroliers…) et des déchets (décharges d’ordures, boues d’épuration, lisiers…). Or dans ces secteurs, le potentiel de réduction de méthane à bon marché est important. Plusieurs publications récentes montrent que 2 Gteq100 pourraient y être récupérées à court terme et le plus souvent valorisées, pour un coût moyen inférieur au prix du CO2 sur le marché européen du carbone mi-2008 (20€). Or, si nous regardons les effets à l’horizon 2020, une telle suppression serait équivalente à celle de près de 10 milliards de tonnes d’émissions de CO2, soit près de 20% des émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre.
  • Par ailleurs, la réduction de l’élevage des bovins est une triple obligation humanitaire : réchauffement climatique, faim dans le monde et pénurie d’eau. En effet, en plus de l’émission de méthane, l’élevage intensif  de bœuf: 1. mobilise des surfaces agricoles importantes (323m2 pour produire un kilo de bœuf) et contribue ainsi à la déforestation, à la production d’engrais et autres produits chimiques, 2. Consomme de grandes quantités d’eau (32 000 litres contre seulement 106 pour 1 kg de blé) et 3. Nécessite du transport, transport des aliments, transport des animaux avec des émissions de CO2… L’industrie de la viande menace le planète ! Or, dans les pays occidentaux l’excès de viande de bœuf devient un problème sanitaire. Il devrait donc être simple de réduire notre consommation.

Réduire les émissions de méthane, nous y avons tous intérêt :

  • les pays riches, dont les réductions de CO2 à court terme sont entravées par l’inertie de leur économie et de leurs modes de vie ;
  • les pays émergents, puisqu’il y a de la marge avant qu’une politique de réduction des émissions de CH4 limite leur développement ;
  • enfin la valorisation sous forme de méthane de la décomposition des déchets organiques peut constituer une source d’énergie à bas coût.

Il devient urgent de jeter les bases d’un programme global de réduction du CH4. Et sans attendre que nos gouvernants agissent, modifions nos modes d’alimentation afin de manger mieux et durable. C’est possible sans dépenser plus.

Sources :

369 comments to Carbone, méthane et viande de bœuf

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